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Figure 2, “A Noble Scholar,” Five needle pine. Designed by Zhao Qingquan.
        Figure 3, Drawing of pine from the Mustard Seed Garden Painter’s Manual.
        Figure 4, “Out of Mountain Passes.” Sargent’s juniper. Designed by Zhao Qingquan.





































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        nobility, and simplicity are characteristic of literati culture. These
        same characteristics are often found in literati penjing and inform
        the present work. The centrality of  literati virtues is sufficiently
        important that the penjing chosen for the cover photograph
        is named “Sharp Sense of  Integrity.”  The penjing depicted in
        Figure 2—“A Noble Scholar” is also expressive of the literati ideal.
        In his lecture, Eno goes on to observe:
           “Literati painting was conceived as a mode of painting
          through which the Confucian junzi (noble person) expressed
          his ethical personality. It was much less concerned with techni-
          cal showiness.  Literati painters specialized in plain ink paint-
          ings, sometimes with minimal color. They lay great emphasis
          on the idea that the style with which a painter controlled his
          brush conveyed the inner style of his character—brushstrokes
          were seen as expressions of the spirit more than (they) were
          matters of composition or skill in realistic depiction.” 

         Consider the simplicity of the rendering in Figure 3. It depicts a
        pine and was taken from the culturally iconic Mustard Seed Garden
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