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218 Glossary

Glossary

Several of the Japanese words that are in general use in the
bonsai world exist in most languages simply because they are
much more succinct or easily understood than their translations.
Some are definitely worth keeping; others are easily replaced.

Size terms Adventitious bud (also: Back bud) A bud that develops
These are rough categories, and it is more about on a branch or trunk, anywhere except the apical
a feeling rather than getting the tape measure out. meristem, or growing tip, of the branch. These buds
are necessary for bonsai development.
Mame The smallest size, up to and around 4in (10cm).
Shohin Small trees up to and around 10in (25cm). Apex The top of the tree, formed generally from
Kifu Medium trees, up to 14in (35cm). a number of branches. Trees tend to grow upward
Chuhin Medium trees up to 18in (45cm). and show apical dominance, a character determined
by auxin production.
Larger trees are technically called oogata or oomono
but in practice these terms are very rarely used: the Auxin Hormones in plants that control growth.
lack of a prefix implies the tree is larger than chuhin. Auxins produced in the apex/terminal growth restrict
the growth of buds closer inside the tree. Pruning
Other Japanese terms branch tips will remove the auxin-producing buds
Jin A deadwood feature created from a branch. and promote back budding.
A tenjin is one that extends above and beyond
the foliage canopy. Branching Primary branches are those growing
Shari A deadwood feature on the trunk, the directly from the trunk, and secondary branches
exposed bone of the tree. or shoots are those that then split off from those
Uro A hollow feature, often as part of deadwood primary branches. Tertiary branches are the fine
in the trunk, often seen in Taxus. branch tips also referred to as ramification.
Nebari The surface roots and the lower trunk area.
Sets the feeling and direction of the tree. Callus The cells that form over a wound. Analogous
Yamadori A tree collected from the wild, literally to a scab, the ideal situation is for it to heal over
“Taken from mountain.” very quickly and attractively so that ultimately
Mochikomi The subtle sense of age, character, and it is not noticed.
refinement that a tree takes on after many years
of cultivation as a bonsai in a container. Candle The new shoots on pine trees, at the stage of
elongation before the needles open up and develop.
Candles may be cut off entirely or have the tip
Horticultural and other terms pinched off to regulate growth, depending on species.
Accent plant (also: Companion plant, Kusamono,
Shitakusa) A smaller plant displayed with a bonsai Defoliation The intentional removal of leaves on a
that accentuates the season or helps in creating deciduous tree to stimulate further growth, increase
a cohesive and interesting image. ramification, and decrease leaf size.